[Prevalence study of enterococus and staphylococci resistance to vancomycin isolated from urinary tract infections]

The role of gram-positive cocci especially Staphylococci species in causing urinary tract infection are well known. Among the Staphylococci species Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] is the most important. The rate of MRSA is increasing worldwide. This is alarming because the danger of these organism in public health. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of gram-positive cocci, as well as MRSA to vancomycin and other antibiotics. This was a descriptive study, and were carried out on 300 patients with urinary tract infections[UTI] caused by gram-positive cocci, referred to Imam Khomeini hospital during eight months. Prior to the antibiotic sensitivity testing all the isolates were identified according to the standard conventional biochemical procedure, and then the antibiotic susceptibility test were carried out according to Bauer-Kirby method. Among the gram positive cocci causing UTI, the most abundant were Staphylococcus saprophyticus [37.7%], followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis [22.3%] and Staphylococcus aureus [18%] respectivley. The sex distribution of patients were 163 female [54.3%] and 137 male [45.7%] respectively, and the prevalence rate of urinary tract infections in female was[8.6%] higher than male. The rate of sensitivity of isolated Staphylococci were as followed, sensitive to vancomycine [100%], Ciprofloxacin [89.2%], rifampin [87.6%], and amikacin [71.8%] respectivley, but were resistant to penicillin and amoxicillin [100%]. The antibiotic sensitivity rate of isolated Streptococci was to vancomycine [85.1%], ciprofloxacin [50.7%] and penicillin [79.1%] respectively. Vancomycin is still a suitable antibiotic for the treatment of Staphylococcus infections. Although 6% rate of enterococci resistance to vancomycin is alarming, and use of this antibiotic in the treatment of other gram-positive bacteria should be done with precaution.

Effect of amniotic membrane combined with ciprofloxacin in curing the primary stages of pseudomonal keratitis

Keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often resulted in severe corneal ulcers and perforation, which leads to losses of vision. Human amniotic membrane [HAM] forms the inner wall of the membranous sac which surrounds and protects the embryo during gestation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the amniotic membrane's healing in rabbits with pseudomonas keratitis. In total 14 rabbits divided in 2 groups of: 1 as Control and 2 as experimental amniotic membrane combined with ciprofloxacin. A 0.05 ml suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was injected into rabbit's corneal stroma, with no interference in control group. In the second group, the amniotic membrane in pieces of 1.5 x 1.5 cm transplanted to the entire corneal surface by eight interrupted 10.0 nylon sutures. In the first day ciprofloxacin drop was injected to the second group every 30 minutes and through second to seventh days every 2 hours. The results of perforation in cornea and the amount of infiltration were registered. The results showed that amniotic membrane transplantation [AMT] + ciprofloxacin group had 0% perforation and the control group 85.6%. Average infiltrations were 5 mm in AMT + ciprofloxacin groups and 23.75 mm in control. The use of amniotic membrane with ciprofloxacin was effective in prevention of cornea perforation and controlling the process of pseudomonal keratitis remission. The improvement of inflammation rapidly happened in ciprofloxacin + AMT group.

[ prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and CTX-M-1 producing escherichia coli in urine samples collected at Tabriz city hospitals]

Numerous use of Beta Lactame in treatment of bacterial infections resulted in increments of drug resistance of such bacteria. One of difficulties in treatment of hospital infections is Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase [ESBL] among isolated clinical strains of E.coli. Since some of ESBL strains shows double reaction in drug sensitivity test at in vitro and in vivo condition, therefore it makes difficulties in selection of right treatment. In the last years, CTX-M enzymes have become the most prevalent ESBLs in worldwide. The prevalence of ESBL types largely remains unknown in many parts of the Iran. This study was made to find the prevalence of ESBLproducing E.coli and molecular detection of CTX-M-1 in Tabriz. In the present study, 400 urine samples collected between November 2009 and April 2010, from Tabriz Hospitals were studied. Out of the 400 samples, 188 E.coli isolates were detected by standard biochemical tests. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was tested to 10 antibiotics by the disk agar diffusion [DAD] method. ESBL production was screened by phenotypic test that included both separate and combined disk agar diffusion techniques. The screened isolates were investigated by PCR assay to detect CTX-M-1 gene. From the total 188 E.coli isolates, 82 [43.6%] were shown to produce ESBLs by phenotypic test. During the PCR method on the 82 isolates, 69 [84.1%] were confirmed as CTX-M-1 producing group. The present study showed that CTX-M-producing isolates were increasing among E.coli strains and indicated the need for adequate susceptibility tests in laboratories for choosing the appropriate antibiotics for treatment

Efficacy of immunization with outer membrane proteins for induction of pulmonary clearance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae in a rat respiratory model

Three strains of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae namely NTHi-I, NTHi-II and NTHi-III were isolated from the sputum of patients with bronchitis and identified by biochemical, serological and electron microscopy. The polypeptide patterns of isolates were compared and found to have similar sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE] polypeptide patterns, although some of the bands were specific in some strains. A similar comparison was made on extracted outer membrane proteins [OMPs] on the above mentioned strains, using Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyle sulphate [SDS]. It was found that the polypeptides with molecular weights of 70, 42, 33 and 27 KDa were identified as P1, P2, P4 and P5 respectivly. The protein estimation of crude OMPs from the three strains were calculated, and OPM-I prepared from NTHi-I showed the highest amount of protein and was chosen for its immunogenicity in a rat respiratory model. The efficacy of immunization with OMP was determined by enhancement of pulmonary clearance of live bacteria in the rat lung. A significant protective immune response induced by OMP was observed by enhanced respiratory clearance of nontypeable H. influenzae following mucosal immunization

Protective immune responses induced in chickens by outer membrane proteins extracted from different strains of Escherichia coli

Different strains of Escherichia coli [E. coli] from human, chickens, and the common strain between human and chickens were isolated and typed with mono-specific antibody. The E. coli strains from each group of human, chicken and common between human and chicken were selected. The polypeptide patterns of selected strains were analyzed and compared with each other by Sodium dodecyle sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS - PAGE]. The SDS - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns between the strains were very similar, although the densities of some of the peptide bands were different, and some were missing in some strains. A similar comparison was made on extracted outer membrane proteins [OMP] using Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyle sulphate on the above-mentioned strains. The polypeptide patterns between the strains 078 [chicken strain], 06 [human strain] and [o[2]] [the common strain between human and chicken] were also very similar and two major bands with molecular weights of 44 KD and 25 KD were very distinctive, and seen between all the strains. The passive haemoagglutination tests [PHA] in chickens injected OMP from the common strain [o[2]], showed increased level of antibody after the second injection which remained constant after repeated injections. In the challenge study, with LD 100 from homologous strain of o[2], a significant protection was observed in the groups injected the OMP [extracted from o[2] strain], compared with controls injected saline. The results of this study indicate that purified E. coli outer membrane protein, can induce a significant protection immunity against colibacillus diseases in chickens, and probably in immunocompromised hosts with repeated urinary infections